Hochschule Kempten      
Fakultät Elektrotechnik      
Interface Electronics       Fachgebiet Elektronik, Prof. Vollrath      

Interface Electronics

Introduction

Prof. Dr. Jörg Vollrath


Index




Video 1. lecture


Länge: 01:06:27
0:0:0 Interface Electronics

0:0:51 Laboratory overview

0:1:54 Web page report

0:2:26 Lecture overview

0:4:48 Prof. Joerg Vollrath

0:4:52 Problems and solution

0:5:52 Solutions

0:6:53 Work in industry, Siemens, Infineon, Qimonda

0:9:48 Arduino ADC, DAC

0:11:1 Trade Fairs

0:11:48 Motivation digital information

0:14:10 Plan for this lecture

0:15:2 Literature, Books

0:16:58 CMOS Analog circuit design Holberg

0:17:58 Manufacturers

0:19:22 Arduino MKR Wifi 1010

0:24:19 Minimum and maximum code and voltage

0:28:58 Sample rate

0:30:46 Arduino project documentation

0:33:28 Extension boards Digilent AD2, DA2

0:35:8 Recording the timeline, time estimation

0:36:58 Take your own notes

0:37:50 Properties of digital signals

0:38:45 Analog and digital signal

0:41:3 LSB and fs sampling frequency

0:42:48 Digital to analog converter metric

0:45:13 Example, Vref, LSB accuracy,

0:49:18 Vmax

0:51:33 Offset error, gain error

0:53:33 Offset error, gain error in graph

0:56:33

Welcome

Lecturer

  • Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg Vollrath
    Consultation: T221 Wed 13:00-14:00
    Please give advanced notice via email
    Joerg.vollrath@hs-kempten.de
    Joerg.vollrath@ieee.org
  • Interface Electronics
    • Lecture 2 SWS: Tue 8:00 - 8:45 T140
    • Laboratory 2 SWS: Tue 10:00-11:30, Wed 14:00-15:30 T314
    • 30% Laboratory: Report
    • 70% Exam: 90 min written Exam
      • Non programmable calculator
      • Open book

Memory Products 64M..2G Bit DRAM

Activities:

Questions

What about you?
German and International Students

Challenges

Important Events

14.-17.11.2023
PRODUCTRONICA
weltleitmesse für innovative elektronikfertigung, München
electronica 12.-15.11.2024
components / systems / applications
München
embedded world Conference
9.-11.4.2024, Nürnberg, Germany
Allgäuer Hochschulmesse,
17.04.2024, Kempten

Motivation: Data converters

Overview

  • Motivation
    • Scaling of analog and digital circuits
    • Applications
  • DA, AD converter blocks, metrics and testing
    • N, Vref, Vfs, Vmax, LSB, fmax
  • LTSPICE: DAC, ADC model
  • Static and dynamic characteristics
    • INL, DNL, offset, gain error
    • Histogramm testing
    • Spectrum, signal to noise ratio, FFT, SNDR
  • DAC architectures
    • Resistor string DACs
    • Charge scaling DACs
    • R-2R type DACs
    • Current based DACs
    • Segmented DACs
  • ADC structures
    • Slope type converters
    • Successive approximation (SAR)
    • Flash
    • Pipeline
    • Oversampled ADCs
  • Challenges in data converters

References

CMOS: Circuit Design, Layout, and Simulation,
Revised Second Edition, R. Jacob Baker, Wiley,
ISBN 978-0-470-22941-5, Revised 2nd Edition, 2008.
CMOS: Mixed-Signal Circuit Design, Second Edition, Baker, Wiley 2009

CMOSedu.com


Data Conversion Handbook (Analog Devices)
Walter Kester
64 Euro
Data Conversion Handbook pdf
Analog Dialogue
University Program Online Teaching Material

References

EE247 Analog-Digital Interface Integrated Circuits
Instructor: Haideh Khorramabadi
http://inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~ee247/fa09/index.html



Murmann, Stanford
EE315B - VLSI Data Conversion Circuits
https://www.stanford.edu/group/murmann_group/cgi-bin/mediawiki/index.php/Boris_Murmann
Course Description EE247
Architectural and circuit level design and analysis of integrated analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog interfaces in modern CMOS and BiCMOS VLSI technology.
Analog-digital converters: Nyquist and over-sampled, digital-analog converters, sample/hold amplifiers, continuous-time and switched-capacitor filters.
Low power mixed signal design techniques.
Data communication systems including interface circuitry.
CAD tools for analog design for simulation and synthesis.

References

CMOS Analog Circuit Design
Philip Allen, Douglas Holberg
http://www.aicdesign.org/
https://aicdesign.org/2016-short-course-notes-2/
2nd Edition of the book has data converters.
Some editions don't have data converters.



Online References

Practical Training 2023


  1. Guided laboratory: Report, LTSPICE and data converters
  2. Laboratory: Simulating an ADC DAC test setup
  3. Laboratory: Setting up the Arduino MKR WIFI 1010
  4. Building and measuring a R2R DAC
  5. Measuring a PMOD ADC and DAC

Final report -> Grading

Motivation



Design of a system needs data converter components for signal generation and verification measurements.


What effort (time, money) is needed to realize a measurement of a signal or a generation of a signal with a certain accuracy/resolution and speed?


Integrated Systems: Oscilloscope, arbitrary waveform generator, Electronic Explorer

DAC, ADC systems: Evaluation board with ADC, DAC and FPGA or microprocessor

DAC, ADC circuit: How to design a low cost, high performance ADC or DAC?

Analog Digital Interface Circuits

Example Arduino MKR WIFI 1010

  • 1 DAC pin, 6 ADC pins,
  • Digital PWM pins
  • Number of bits: 8..10 bits
  • Sampling rate:

Analog Calibration


  • Connect pin to gnd
  • Connect pin to vdd
Arduino ADC, DAC project

Minimum value of ADC: 0
Maximum value of ADC 1021
Minimum voltage: 30 mV
Maximum voltage: 3.31 V
Sampling rate: 289.28 Hz

Analog versus digital electronic

Digital Circuits Analog Circuits
  • Shrinking of transistor feature size is easy
    Moores Law
  • Digital circuits can be easily built with CMOS transistors
  • Digital signals can have arbitrary precision
  • Automated design
  • Digital circuits are felxible and functions can be easily programmed
  • Precision needs high power, voltage or currents to control signal to noise ratio
  • Precision needs large transistors with well controlled geometry
  • Carefully handcrafted design
  • Analog circuits are very specialized for a certain function
More and more circuits are realized with digital circuits.
Analog circuits are getting more convenient for user and more complex for designer.
Digital offset and gain adjustment and digital filters for compensation.

Properties of digital signals

Properties:
  • Resolution
  • Frequency
  • Power consumption
  • Price
  • Architecture, type
  • Power supply voltage
  • Input range
  • Manufacturing process feature size
The green analog curve is discretized in time and level resulting in the red points.
The smallest difference in level is called delta Δ or LSB (least significant bit).
The smallest difference in time is called sampling time (ts).

Data converter application

A graph with x axis resolution and y axis frequency shows applications.

Data converter application: software defined radio SDR

SDR et WF
A tuneable filter provides a limited bandwidth to an ADC. The radio protocol (WiFi, Bluetooth, FM, AM, digital-TV,LTE) is realized in the digital signal processing block.

Data converter application: Mobile phone

Filters

Number of data converters:
HSDP, LTE, UMTS, WLAN, bluetooth
motion, pressure, proximity sensor
speaker, microphone
display control

Digital to analog converter metric

  • N inputs:
    digital signals D0..DN-1
    for simplicity representing positive binary numbers 0..(2N-1)
    D0 is the least significant bit LSB
    DN-1 is the most significant bit MSB
  • Analog output signal:
    for simplicity voltage
    Current and range can be adjusted by additional analog circuits (amplifier, level shifter).
  • Metrics:
    N: number of Bits
    Vref: reference voltage
    Vmax=VFS: maximum, full scale voltage
    Δ , LSB minimum step size
\[ \Delta = \frac{V_{ref}}{2^N} \] \[ N = log_2 \frac{V_{ref}}{\Delta} = ld \frac{V_{ref}}{\Delta} \] \[ V_{max} = V_{ref}- \Delta \]
Binary weighted inputs:
\[ V_O = V_{ref} \sum_{i=0}^{N-1} \frac{D_{i}}{2^{N-i}} \] \[ V_O = \Delta \sum_{i=0}^{N-1} D_{i} \cdot 2^{i} \]

Attention: Vref, Vmax, VFS



Analog devices Data Converter book sometimes states VFS = Vref
Baker (Equation 28.8) and Texas Instruments Understanding Data converters define VFSR = Vmax
In some circuit architectures Vref = Vmax
Watch out and act accordingly.

Digital to analog converter transfer characteristic

Table: ideal 2 bit DAC
Decimal
code
Binary
code
Output
voltage
[V]
0 00 0
1 01 0.5
2 10 1
3 11 1.5

   

\( LSB = \frac{V(11)-V(00)}{2^{N}-1} \)
Offset error: Voffset = V(00) = 0.2 V
Gain error: Vgain = \( \frac{V(11)_{real} }{ V(11)_{ideal} } = 1.1 \)

The points are the generated measurable values. The straight line only interpolates these values to show a linear relationship of the values.

Next:


SPICE
Making of a web report
03 Error DNL and INL