Hochschule Kempten      
Fakultät Elektrotechnik      
Microelectronics       Fachgebiet Elektronik, Prof. Vollrath      

Microelectronics

Microelectronics deals with design, manufacturing and test of integrated transistor circuits.
At the beginning emphasis was on integrating as many transistors as possible in a small area achieving high operating speeds (timing closure).
Nowadays in 10 nm technologies manufacturing costs and mask costs are very high and millions of transistors are available. Focus has changed to identify applications where millions of chips are needed (mobile phones) and to be able to build and verify robust circuits with millions of transistors in a short time frame.
Microelectronics maintained a steady 30% productivity gain every 2 years over the last 30 years. Semiconductor manufacturing is using roadmaps, data collection and analysis (Big Data), simulation, automation in software and hardware (Industry 4.0) and dedicated test strategies (Design for test) and verification to be successfull.

Strategies in microelectronics:
This class presents typical software tools for circuit development and manufacturing processes. A typical chip development example is done in the laboratory.

Lecture

16.03.2026, 23.3.2026

1. Introduction:

Microelectronics, background, course content,
companies, references
Electrical simulation (LTSPICE): LTSPICE
Design and layout: Electric VLSI design system

Reading:
Video Introduction 17.03.2021
Video Laboratory start 22.03.2021
23.03.2026

2. Microelectronics History

Transistor evolution
History
Moore's law
MOSFET transistor to chip

Reading:
Video Moore, Hierarchy, Inverter 24.03.2021



23.03.2026

3. MOSFET

ASIC, FPGA and microcontroller technologies
Design flow of Systems
MOSFET: IV curves
Vth, β = KP/2, &lambda&
Transfer and output curves
Static equation
Layout and cross section


Reading:
Video MOSFET 31.03.2021
30.03.2026

4. MOSFET Inverter:

MOSFET as capacitor
MOSFET switch model(R, C),
Inverter
IV curve
Propagation delay
Standard cell
Pass gate (PG)
Transmission gate (TG)

Laboratory 01: Design and simulation of 1μm and 50 nm CMOS transistors
Reading:
Video Inverter 14.04.2021

13.04.2026

5. IC Manufacturing:

Wafer, chips
Yield
Fabrication process
Top view, Cross section

Laboratory 02: Design and simulation of 1 μm and 50 nm CMOS transistors

Reading:
Video Process 19.04.2021
27.04.2026

7. RLC in Microelectronics

NAND gate: parasitic resistance and capacitance, RCX extraction From logic gate layout to chip layout,
AOI (AND, OR, INVERT) design style,

Laboratory 04: A CMOS inverter
Reading:
Video RLC and CMOS Logic 5.05.2021

Video Silicon Compiler 10.05.2021
04.05.2026

8. Silicon Compiler: From VHDL to Layout

Unit Transistor,
Cell layout,
System synthesis,
VHDL entity and architecture
Synthesis and silicon compiler
VHDL hardware definition language
Entity, architecture, ports, busses, signals, hierarchy, state machine, test

Laboratory 05: A CMOS inverter
12.05.2021 Video Truth table design style, VHDL

Reading:
17.05.2021 Video Laboratory Multiplier

11.05.2026

9. FPGA, VHDL and Delay

ASIC, FPGA
Delay and pipeline operation

Reading:
Video Delay and power 2.06.2021
Video Laboratory Multiplier 31.05.2021

18.05.2026

10. Microelectronics System Design

D-Flip-Flop
State machine
Scan FF

Reading:
D-Flip-Flop, state machine 9.06.2021

Video Laboratory Multiplier 7.06.2021



01.06.2026

11. Memories

SRAM, DRAM, Flash
Example:Samsung 21nm, 48LV, 3 Bit per cell, 256Gb NAND Flash

Reading:
Video Memories 16.6.2021

Video Laboratoray 14.06.2021

8.06.2026

12. Power

Package,
Input outputs,
Clock


Reading:
Video Power, vdd, clock and input outputs 19.05.2020

Notes about laboratory 20.05.2020
15.06.2026

13. Design for Test

Defects
Challenges of microelectronics
Review

Laboratory: Progress and Questions

Reading:
Video Design for test, faults, test 26.05.2020

22.06.2026, 29.06.2026, 06.07.2026

14. Review

Example exam

Laboratory: Design of a PWM

Reading:
CMOS basic analog circuits:
differential amplifier, SC circuits, sample and hold, performance measurement

Videos 2020

Videos of Lectures 2020

Questions

Questions

Problems:

Problems

Laboratory 2026: FPU investigation

  • Laboratory 1/2 : Design and simulation of 1 µm and 50 nm CMOS transistors
    Example: Documentation format
    Report submission until xx.xx.2026
  • Laboratory 3/4: A CMOS inverter Report submission until xx.xx.2026
  • Floating point unit investigation
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating-point_arithmetic
    • Floating point format options in this laboratory:
      8-Bit: 1 Bit Sign, 4 Bit significand, 3 Bit exponent
      FP8 (E4M3): 8-Bit: 1 Bit Sign, 3 Bit significand, 4 Bit exponent
      FP8 (E5M2): 8-Bit: 1 Bit Sign, 5 Bit significand, 2 Bit exponent
      7-Bit: 1 Bit Sign, 3 Bit significand, 3 Bit exponent
      7-Bit: 1 Bit Sign, 4 Bit significand, 2 Bit exponent
      FP6(E3M2): 6-Bit: 1 Bit Sign, 3 Bit significand, 2 Bit exponent
    • Range calculation, fixed point floating point conversion
    • Implementing operations: Add, subtract, multiply, divide, compare
      Description, VHDL, subcircuit schematic
    • Design of scalable subcircuits
      Add with sign, multiply, genenrate 1 over significand, significand alignment, compare


Laboratory 2025: Serial CPU investigation



Laboratory 2024: Investigate Transistor Models



Laboratory 2023: Build a PWM generator


4.4.2023
***Nr,LFGroup***Nr,LFGroup***Nr,LFGroup***Nr,LFGroup***Nr,LFGroup
***59,SLA1X***31,HCB1X***03,HCC1X***47,SMD1X***07,BSE1X
***91,TMA1Y***86,TFB1Y***45,SGC1Y***17,ZFD1Y***08,XHE1Y
***10,BMA2X***07,AAB2X***12,KSC2X***30,AMD2X***79,AJE2X
***35,VPA2Y***94,IAB2Y***28,SRC2Y***06,RLD2Y***45,CSE2Y
***14,ZPA3X***29,ANB3X***98,AAC3X***23,CAD3X***23,ABE3X
***15,MMB3Y***37,RFC3Y***48,WND3Y***36,OME3Y

Challenges Laboratory SS2023

Group work with large groups


Regular group communication should be done according to the following picture and bullet points documented in an email to the professor.


2 concise bullet points per person
Each person should be active and all persons should accomplish a result

Example of concise problem solving documentation:
Not starting LTSPICE could be fixed in the preferences after looking at the error message in the log window: "LTSPICE not found"
versus
A problem with LTSPICE could be solved

Laboratory 2022: Compare full adders in various technologies

Goal is to verifiy the results of the papers:

Analysis and Comparison on Full Adder Block in Submicron Technology, M. Alioto; G. Palumbo
Compare_Full_Adder.pdf
Two New Low Power High Performance Full Adders with Minimum Gates

Journal of Computers 2009
v4-10-100_Full_adder_minimum_transistors.pdf

and investigate technology changes 1um..14nm.
Each group takes one architecture, does a layout and simulation with a certain technology and compares results.


Laboratory 2021: Build a 4 bit positive number multiplier


Laboratory 2020: Build a 16 bit shift register converting gray code to binary code

Laboratory 5: Build a 16 bit shift register converting gray code to binary
  • Inputs
    • C3, C3b initiate a new serial parallel conversion
    • C1, C1b, C2, C2b control a shift by one position of the input
    • MSB comes first, LSB comes in last.
  • Gray code to binary
    • An EXOR operating with the previous bit converts gray to binary
  • Outputs
    • D0 to D15 are the final values of the parallel output

Open Laboratory 6: Optimize and simulate a library cell


SGrayBinary.vhdl
FDC.jelib
Laboratory Feedback

Tools and Files

  1. Electric: http://www.staticfreesoft.com/index.html
  2. CMOS Circuit Design and Layout: http://www.cmosedu.com/
  3. LTSPICE: http://www.linear.com/designtools/software/
  4. VLSI Design System Free Libraries http://www.staticfreesoft.com/productsLibraries.html

Past and Future Laboratories



References:

[1] CMOS: Circuit Design, Layout, and Simulation, Revised Second Edition, R. Jacob Baker, Wiley, ISBN 978-0-470-22941-5, Revised 2nd Edition, 2008.
      www.CMOSedu.com
[2] CMOS VLSI Design, Neil Weste, David Harris ca. 100.-
      www.cmosvlsi.com
      http://pages.hmc.edu/harris/class/e158
[3] Application Specific Integrated Circuits, Michael Smith 62.-Euro
      http://www10.edacafe.com/book/ASIC/ASICs.php
[4] Microelectronic Circuit Design, R. C. Jaeger, T. N. Blalock, McGraw Hill, 4th Edition, 60.- Euro
      http://www.jaegerblalock.com/
[5] CMOS Analog Circuit Design, Phil Allen and Doug Holberg, 2015: 71/28 Euro
      http://www.aicdesign.org/scnotes10.html
[6] eFabless
[7] Zero to ASIC course: Soldering a chip package component
[8] Rapid Prototyping of Digital Systems: Quartus® II Edition, Hamblen
[9] FPGA Prototyping by VHDL Examples: Xilinx BASYS-3 Version, Chu